Biology needs a metabolic reaction at all times. This is because a special type of catalyst-enzymes are widely present in the body. It can effectively reduce the activation energy of each molecule participating in a chemical reaction, enabling the organism to complete various chemical reactions quickly and efficiently. Plant photosynthesis, human digestion and absorption of food all occur and complete with the direct participation of enzymes.

Enzyme is a kind of protein with special function produced by living cells, and it is an efficient biocatalyst. The catalytic efficiency of enzymes is 100,000 to 10 million times higher than that of chemicals. Enzymes are catalysts for biochemical reactions. Almost all biological phenomena of the organism are inseparable from the role of enzymes, and are the driving force of life activities. Therefore, enzymes are very important in the body. It mainly displays the following five functions in the body:

Perform specific physiological activities;
Participate in the transformation of foreign materials;
Play a defense role in detoxification;
Synergistic effects of hormones;
Catalyze metabolic reactions;
The enzyme itself is non-toxic, and no toxic compounds are produced during the reaction.

Enzymes have a wide range of applications in cosmetics. With the rapid development of the cosmetics industry, the use of enzymes will become more and more widespread. Enzymes can be used as functional additives such as preservatives, humectants, and whitening agents in the cosmetics industry.

(1) Superoxide dismutase

Superoxide dismutase, referred to as SOD, is the first line of defense against free radicals in the body. When the human body inhales oxygen for metabolism, it will produce superoxide anion (02′-1) free radicals. If it is not eliminated, it will produce a chain reaction in the body and destroy human cells. Modern medicine has proven that superoxide anion free radicals are an important factor leading to various diseases and aging in humans. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a natural nemesis of oxygen free radicals. Cosmetics containing superoxide dismutase have sun protection, anti-radiation, whitening, anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. At the same time, it can make the skin more delicate, especially suitable for people who work in front of the computer for a long time or work under the hot sun. It can effectively prevent the skin from being damaged by ultraviolet rays and inhibit the formation of melanin, age spots, facial acne and acne.

The human body can make SOD to maintain the health of the body. Due to age, disease, and environmental pollution, SOD in the human body gradually decreases, resulting in skin pigmentation, becoming rough, loose, and accelerating skin aging. Therefore, SOD must be supplemented to enhance skin elasticity and delay skin aging.

(2) Lysozyme

In recent years, the application of lysozyme has become more and more widespread, and it has become a popular biochemical product in the domestic and foreign markets, and is widely used in food, cosmetics, medical and other industries. Lysozyme, also known as cell wall enzyme, is a basic protein consisting of 129 amino acids, which is very stable in chemical properties. This enzyme has a strong decomposition effect on radiation-resistant micrococcus in Gram-positive bacteria. Lysozyme is widely distributed in nature. It can be isolated from the milk of cows, sheep, horses, etc., and can also be isolated from plants such as papaya, barley, figs, and cabbage. The optimal acidity value of lysozyme for bacteriolysis is about pH 8.0. The optimal reaction temperature and the temperature for bacteriolysis are consistent, and both are required to be in the range of 50 ~ C. Lysozyme has no change in its activity in the wide range of PH 1.2-1.3. Therefore, lysozyme is not sensitive to changes in pH.

(3) Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 is a vitamin-like substance. It is a light yellow tiny particle that exists in human cells. It can provide cells with self-renewal energy and is an essential component of energy metabolism.

Coenzyme Q10 can be obtained in the following two ways: (1) Food: Nuts and soybeans contain more coenzymes. (2) Human body synthesis: It uses tyrosine as raw material, 8 kinds of vitamins as additives, and then obtains it through multiple biochemical processes.

Coenzyme Q10 has the effect of improving human vitality and effectively preventing skin aging. It can improve the skin keratinization caused by UvA indirectly and prevent the oxidative damage of DNA. It is a kind of “kinetic nutrition” and has a strong nutrition and protective effect on the skin. At the same time, it can also inhibit the formation of free radicals in the body and lipid peroxidation of cells. The effect is more obvious than vitamin E and vitamin B2. It can accelerate cell division and regeneration, stimulate cell activity, promote cell intake of nutrients, and make the skin full of vitality.

The Rise of Multi-Enzyme Feeds in Sustainable Agriculture
Multi-enzyme feeds are gaining traction as a sustainable solution to improve feed quality and efficiency. By 2020, the demand for feed grain is projected to hit 298 million tons, surpassing its use for human consumption and highlighting the critical need for efficient feed utilization. The competition for resources between humans and livestock is a pressing global issue, and the development of multi-enzyme feeds is a step towards addressing this challenge (FAO).

Understanding Feed Enzymes and Their Impact
Categories of Feed Enzymes
Feed enzymes are broadly classified into two groups:

Non-digestive Enzymes: These are enzymes not secreted by animals and include cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase, phytase, and pectinase. They help break down indigestible substances and mitigate anti-nutritional factors.
Exogenous Digestive Enzymes: These are enzymes that animals can produce but are added to feed to enhance digestion. Examples include amylases, proteases, and lipases.
Application Effects of Feed Enzymes
The inclusion of these enzymes in feed has been shown to significantly improve the digestibility and nutrient availability in animal diets, leading to better growth performance and feed conversion ratios. Research indicates that multi-enzyme supplements can increase the digestibility of nutrients by up to 15% (Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology).

Innovations in Multi-Enzyme Feed Preparation
Enzymatic Method
The enzymatic method involves adding pre-made feed enzymes to the feed. This approach is straightforward and widely used. The selection of enzymes is not merely a mixture but a strategic combination based on the feedstock and enzyme characteristics. For instance, soybean meal feed primarily requires α-galactosidase, while barley feed necessitates β-glucanase.

Fermentation Process
Alternatively, the fermentation method uses microorganisms to produce enzymes, resulting in a type of fermented biological feed. This method not only yields a variety of enzymes to enhance feed quality and utilization but also helps maintain the micro-ecological balance in animals, promoting immunity and overall health.

Future Outlook and Challenges
The advancement of multi-enzyme biological feed is crucial for expanding the range of feed materials and improving feed efficiency. However, the field faces several challenges, including the need for further research on enzyme activity preservation, enzyme and raw material selection, digestive tract adaptability in poultry and livestock, mixed bacteria fermentation synergy, and the integration of probiotics. With continued research and investment, more diverse and functional multi-enzyme feeds are expected to emerge, solidifying their role in the future of feed development.

In conclusion, multi-enzyme biological feeds represent a significant innovation in animal nutrition, offering a sustainable approach to maximizing feed utilization and supporting the growth of the aquaculture industry. As research progresses, these feeds are poised to become an integral component of modern agriculture.

Aloe Vera: A Natural Aid for Weight Management
The modern lifestyle, characterized by fast food consumption and sedentary habits, often leads to unwanted weight gain. Aloe vera juice, however, may offer a natural solution. Research on mice, as cited by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), suggests that aloe vera’s anti-obesity properties could potentially mitigate diet-induced obesity. It appears to boost energy expenditure and may help reduce body fat. Furthermore, aloe vera gel has shown promise in aiding weight loss for obese individuals and those with early diabetes symptoms. Nonetheless, it’s crucial to pair aloe vera with a balanced diet and regular exercise for effective weight management.

Combatting Constipation with Aloe Vera
Constipation is a common ailment often addressed with medications that may have adverse side effects. Aloe vera offers a natural alternative with its laxative properties, which can help soften stools and promote bowel movements. While experts sometimes recommend laxative foods for constipation relief, further research is needed to fully understand the safety of aloe vera’s laxative effects. It’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional before incorporating aloe vera into your regimen for constipation.

Aloe Vera’s Potential in Diabetes Management
For individuals with type 2 diabetes, aloe vera may play a role in stabilizing blood sugar levels, thanks to its anti-diabetic properties. Animal studies have indicated that aloe vera leaves could be effective in managing diabetes. However, as these studies are primarily conducted on animals, diabetic patients should consult with their healthcare provider before using aloe vera as a complementary treatment.

Digestive Benefits of Aloe Vera
Aloe vera is also known to support digestive health. Consuming aloe vera juice may alleviate digestive issues, and according to an Indian study, it can be used to treat peptic ulcers. Its antibacterial action against H. pylori, the bacterium responsible for gastric infections, and anti-ulcer properties make it a potential remedy. Additionally, aloe vera may ease stomach pain and symptoms in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). However, medical consultation should be prioritized for severe digestive problems.

Aloe Vera and Cholesterol Control
Incorporating aloe vera into your diet could benefit cholesterol levels. A report on the NCBI website highlights that aloe vera consumption may reduce oxidative stress and liver cholesterol. Its hypocholesterolemic effect, which refers to cholesterol-lowering properties, could be advantageous in managing cholesterol. More scientific research is warranted to confirm these findings.

Enhancing Brain Health with Aloe Vera
Aloe vera may also have positive effects on brain health. It has shown potential in addressing neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and overall brain function. A study suggests that aloe vera could improve memory, although more research is needed to substantiate these claims. Nonetheless, consuming aloe vera as part of a healthy lifestyle may contribute to maintaining brain health.

Aloe Vera for Heart Disease Prevention
Regular consumption of aloe vera might lower the risk of heart disease. An Indian study on mice indicates that aloe vera could mitigate heart issues, particularly those related to the side effects of doxorubicin, a cancer medication. Moreover, aloe vera gel has demonstrated cardioprotective properties. Another NCBI study suggests that aloe vera may help prevent atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries. While further research is necessary to understand aloe vera’s anti-atherosclerotic effects, it remains a beneficial addition for heart health.

Aloe Vera’s Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Aloe vera’s anti-inflammatory properties make it a potential remedy for reducing inflammation. Animal studies have shown that consuming fresh aloe vera can decrease inflammation. However, comprehensive research is needed to better understand its effects on human inflammation, and medical advice is recommended for those with severe inflammatory conditions.

Aloe Vera for Arthritis Relief
Arthritis, which can arise from various factors such as obesity, infection, or aging, may be alleviated with aloe vera. Research indicates its usefulness in treating osteoarthritis, and its anti-inflammatory properties may reduce joint pain. While aloe vera can be a complementary treatment, medical treatment should remain a priority for those with significant arthritis issues.

Oral Health Benefits of Aloe Vera
Aloe vera can also play a role in maintaining oral health. Its antimicrobial properties may combat disease-causing bacteria in the mouth. An Indian study suggests that aloe vera is highly beneficial in dentistry. It can be used as a mouthwash and may help in treating gum disease. However, individuals with allergies should seek medical advice before using aloe vera for oral care.

Accelerating Wound Healing with Aloe Vera
One of the most notable benefits of aloe vera is its ability to expedite wound healing. It enhances the proliferation of fibroblasts, the cells responsible for collagen production. Studies on mice have observed improved wound healing with aloe vera application. For persistent, deep, or non-healing wounds, medical consultation is advised.

Aloe Vera as an Immune Booster
With seasonal changes often leading to illness, aloe vera can help strengthen the immune system. The National Cancer Institute acknowledges aloe vera’s role as an immune booster, contributing to overall health.

Aloe Vera Gel for Skin Hydration
Aloe vera gel is beneficial for skin hydration, particularly for dry skin. It helps retain moisture and is commonly used in moisturizing cosmetic products.

Natural Treatment for Wrinkles with Aloe Vera Gel
Aloe vera gel is a natural alternative for treating wrinkles. NCBI research shows that aloe vera can improve sun-induced wrinkles by boosting collagen production and enhancing skin elasticity.

Aloe Vera Gel for Acne Management
Aloe vera gel, with its anti-acne properties, may assist in treating acne. More scientific evidence is needed to fully endorse its efficacy.

Aloe Vera Gel for Healthy Hair
Traditionally used as an herbal remedy for hair health, aloe vera may prevent hair fall. While anecdotal evidence supports its use, further scientific research is necessary. For serious hair issues, expert consultation is recommended.

In conclusion, aloe vera’s extensive health benefits make it a valuable natural remedy. However, it’s important to consult healthcare professionals before using aloe vera, especially for specific health conditions.

Vaccines have become an important medical resource that acts as a safeguard against an ever-increasing number of diseases. Despite the immense value provided to public health by currently available vaccines, the introduction of new vaccine channels is also of vital importance.

Recent work has been focused on vaccine delivery systems, as an alternative to injectable vaccines, to increase antigen stability and improve overall immunogenicity. In particular, novel strategies based on edible or intradermal vaccine formulations have been demonstrated to trigger both a systemic and mucosal immune response. These novel vaccination delivery systems offer several advantages over the injectable preparations including self-administration, reduced cost, stability, and elimination of a cold chain action.

In spite of the many successes achieved by vaccines, novel technologies and administration routes remain one of the main focuses in the vaccinology field. Although many licensed vaccines are administered by injection, in certain cases, this administration route suffers from limitations. In particular, injectable vaccines require trained personnel for the administration of the vaccine and may require multiple doses or inclusion of an adjuvant. Moreover, injectable vaccines may require specialized storage and transport conditions.

In the past decade, the vaccine requisites of developing countries have not been adequately met for a variety of reasons, including issues associated with fragile health care systems, conflict resolution, policymaking, program management, financing, supply chain, and distribution across large urban areas and to the most remote locations. Each of these issues contributed in some part to the delay in the distribution of experimental vaccines and therapeutics against Ebola during the 2014–2016 outbreak.

Thus, Distribution and administration cost also substantially add to the price of a vaccine. These costs are often not product-specific, as most vaccines are temperature sensitive and require cold-chain maintenance, which entails transporting, storing, and monitoring them at a recommended temperature from the point of production to the point of use. In total, the cost of distribution and administration often exceeds the cost of vaccine production, making them the most prohibitive barriers to global immunization campaigns.

Recently, a new delivery method was devised by the scientists at the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) which could give these efforts a huge boost, preserving the live elements in a lightweight film without the need for refrigeration. The scientists were able to produce their novel vaccine delivery system cheaply and easily, taking inspiration from the way the DNA of some living things can be preserved for years in amber. The team sought to replicate these storage abilities in a substance resembling hard candy, made up of different sugars and salts to form an amber-like material.

The team says it has demonstrated the ability of the delivery system to carry Ebola vaccines and a vaccine for influenza A at a proof-of-concept level, and believe it could be used for other vaccines as well, including, when it’s developed, the COVID-19.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has created an urgent need for a vaccine for the novel coronavirus. An increasing patient mass pool has given rise to issues such as dosage in large volumes for the masses. Combined with a steadily escalating demand due to improving purchasing power, the global vaccine delivery market is projected to bode well during the forthcoming years.

The developments in vaccine delivery systems could give major relief to the affected countries through the ease of transportation, storage, and administration. As of now, the coronavirus has affected approximately 1,041,112 people killing 55,203. Although the vaccine may not be ready until the end of this year, efficient delivery systems could be almost a prerequisite in order to reach the masses. As a result, the New Vaccine Delivery Devices could be an important tool in combating and containing the Coronavirus Pandemic.